(1) Discuss the causes of recurring floods in India with special reference to the role of urban planning and climate change. Suggest long-term and short-term mitigation strategies. (10 marks 150 words) (2) The Gupta period is often referred to as the 'Golden Age' of ancient Indian history. Critically examine this characterization with reference to developments in science, art, and literature. ( 15 marks 250 words)